Research Article

Ecological and Health Risk Studies of Heavy Metals in Soils around an Abandoned Battery Factory in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria

Romanus A. Obasi
Ekiti State University, Nigeria.
* Corresponding author
Henry Y. Madukwe
Ekiti State University, Nigeria.
DOI icon 10.24018/ejgeo.2020.1.4.8

Read Counter
436

Downloads
359

Citations

Share

Article Sidebar

Submitted 2020-04-09
Published 2020-07-12

Read counter = 436 times

Table of Contents

Article Main Content

Heavy metals on the soil around an abandoned battery site at Wofun, Ibadan, Southwestern, Nigeria were studied for their ecological and health risks. Ten soil samples collected from the soil around the abandoned battery sites were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma –Mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The data were evaluated using indices such as contamination factor, enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index and pollution index to determine the ecological and health risks posed by the heavy metals. The results showed an average concentration of Pb (7274.4), V (190.63), Cu (77.52), Zn (53.08) and Co (53) in a decreasing order. The enrichment factor revealed high enrichment for Co (12.30) at site one (S1), and extreme enrichment of Pb (61.12). Zn, Rb and Mo showed no enrichment in the soil. All the sites exhibited extremely high enrichment of Pb except at S10 where the enrichment of Pb was only severe. The results of Igeo indicated that all the sites were strongly to extremely polluted by Pb while S6 is moderately polluted by Co. The rest of the metals do not constitute any pollution threats. An evaluation of the ecological risk index (RI) revealed that the mean Er for Co (13.95), Cu (8.61), and Zn (0.56) indicate low ecological risk as they are less than 40 (Er <40).  Lead (Pb) with Er value of 1818.60 has a very high ecological risk and accounts for most of the ecological risks in the study area. Lead (Pb) being the most toxic and abundant of all the heavy metals analyzed in the study areas was used to evaluate the potential  non-carcinogenic health risk for both children and adults. The hazard index which is the sum of the hazard quotients for children is 26.64 suggesting that non-carcinogenic health risk may occur if there is any form of exposure to the soil. The hazard index for the adult (2.87) indicated a significant potential non-carcinogenic health risk in the study area.

Keywords: Ecological risk, hazard index, health risk, heavymetals, non-carcinogenic.

References

  1. Y. Sonayei, N. Ismail, and S. Talebi, “Determination of Heavy Metals of Industrial Effluent at Jaipur, Rajasthan India,” Journal of Environment Science and Engineering, vol. 48, pp. 103-108, 2009.
     Google Scholar
  2. L. Simeonov, M. Kolhubovski, and B. Simeonov, Environmental heavy metal pollution and effects on child mental development, Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer, 2010. pp. 114-115.
     Google Scholar
  3. R. Kumar, Nanostructured Oxides, Weinheim, Germany, Wiley VCN, 2009, pp. 166.
     Google Scholar
  4. M. Calkins, “Materials for Sustainable Sites: A Complete Guide to the Evaluation,” Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, p. 451.
     Google Scholar
  5. M. Al-Weher, “Levels of Heavy Metals Cd, Cu, and Zn in three fish species collected from the Northern Jordan Valley”, Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 41-46, 2008.
     Google Scholar
  6. A. Qishlaqi, and F. Moore, “Statistical Analysis of Accumulation and Sources of Heavy Metals Occurrence in Agricultural Soils of Khoshk River Banks, Shiraz, Lean,” American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment Science, vol. 2, pp. 565-573, 2007.
     Google Scholar
  7. H. A, Jones, and R.D. Hockey, “The Geology of part of Southwestern, Nigeria,” Bull. Geol. Surv. Nigeria, vol. 31, pp. 101, 1964.
     Google Scholar
  8. M.O. Olorunfemi, J.S. Ojo, and O. Akintunde, Hydro-geophysical evaluation of the ground water potentials of the Akure metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria,” Journal of Mining and geology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 207-228, 1999.
     Google Scholar
  9. M. D. Norman, N. J. Pearson, A. Sharma, and W. L. Griffin, “Quantitative analysis of trace elements in geological materials by laser by ablation ICPMS: instrumental operating conditions and calibration values of NIST glasses,” Geostandards Newsletter, vol. 20, pp. 247–261, 1996.
     Google Scholar
  10. M. D. Norman, “Melting and metasomatism in the continental lithosphere: laser ablation ICPMS analyses of minerals in spinel, lherzolites from eastern Australia,” Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, vol. 130, pp. 240- 255, 1998.
     Google Scholar
  11. L. Håkanson, “An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: A sediment ecological approach,” Water Res., vol. 14, pp. 975–100, 1980.
     Google Scholar
  12. R.B. Khuzestani, and B. Souri, “Evaluation of heavy metal contamination hazards in nuisance dust particles in Kurdistan Province, Western Iran,” Journal of Environmental Science, vol. 25. No. 7, pp. 1346-1354, 2013.
     Google Scholar
  13. A. Reimann, and C. Caritat, “Distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic sources of element in the environment of regional geochemical surveys versus enrichment factors,” Science of the total Enrichment, vol. 337, no. 1-3, pp. 91-107, 2005.
     Google Scholar
  14. E. Saur, and C. Juste, “Enrichment of trace elements from long range aerosol transport in Sandy podzolic soils of Southwest France,” Water, Air and Soil pollution, vol. 73, pp. 235-245, 1994.
     Google Scholar
  15. R. A. Sutherland, “Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii,” Environmental Geology, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 611–627, 2000.
     Google Scholar
  16. M. Ergin, C. Saydam, O. Basturk, E. Erdem, and R. Yoruk, “Heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments from the two coastal inlets (Golden Horn Estuary and _Izmit Bay) of the northeastern Sea of Marmara,” Chem. Geol. Sci. vol. 91, pp. 269-285, 1991.
     Google Scholar
  17. A.F. Ato, O. Samuel, Y.D. Oscar, P. Alex, N. Moi, and B. Akoto, “Mining and heavy metal pollution: Assessment of aquatic environments in Tarkwa, Ghana using multivariate statistical analysis,” Journal of Environmental Statistics, vol. 1, no. 4, 1-13, 2010.
     Google Scholar
  18. M.A. Oladunjoye, O.A. Sanuade, and A.A. Olaojo, “Variability of Soil Thermal Properties of a seasonally cultivated Agricultural Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan, South-western Nigeria,” Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture and Veterinary, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 40-64, 2013.
     Google Scholar
  19. M.O. Olorunfemi, J.S. Ojo, and O. Akintunde, Hydro-geophysical evaluation of the ground water potentials of the Akure metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria,” Journal of Mining and geology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 207-228, 1999
     Google Scholar
  20. S. A. Simex, and G.R. Helz, “Regional geochemistry of trace elements in Chesapeake Bay. Environ. Geo., vol. 3, pp. 315-323, 1981.
     Google Scholar
  21. USEPA, Principles of Environmental impact Assessment Review; Appendix A: Overview of the Environmental Impact Assessment Process, 1998.
     Google Scholar
  22. D.L. Tomlinson, J.G. Wilson, C.R. Harris, and D.W. Jeffrey, “Problems in the assessment of heavy metal level in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index,” Helgol. Mar.Res., vol. 33, pp. 566-575, 1980.
     Google Scholar
  23. T.B. Chen, Y.M. Zheng, M. Lei, Z.C. Huang, H.T. Wu, H. Chen, K. K. Fan, K. Yu, X. Wu, and Q. Z. Tian, “Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China,” Chemosphere, vol. 60, no, 4, pp. 542–551, 2005.
     Google Scholar
  24. H. Lokeshwari, and G.T. Chandrappa, “Impact of heavy metal contamination of Bellandur Lake on soil and cultivated vegetation,” Current Science, vol. 91, pp. 622-627, 2006.
     Google Scholar
  25. G. Muller, “Dieschwermetall belstung der sediment des neckars und seiner nebenflusse: Eine estandsaufnahme, Chemiker Zeitung,” vol. 105, pp. 157-164, 1981.
     Google Scholar
  26. A.O. Afolayan, “Accumulation of Heavy Metal from Battery Waste in topsoil, Surface water, and Garden Grown Maize at Omilande Area,” Olardo, Nigeria, pp. 43-53, 2018.
     Google Scholar
  27. USEPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Decontamination Research and Development Conference, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-11/052, 2010.
     Google Scholar
  28. USEPA. Integrated Risk Information System of the US Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC, USA, 2012.
     Google Scholar
  29. USEPA, Principles of Environmental impact Assessment Review; Appendix A: Overview of the Environmental Impact Assessment Process, 1998.
     Google Scholar