##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

To understand the role of functional groups in the spontaneous combustion of lignite coal, the distribution of functional groups in the lignite coal of the Sajau Formation in the Berau Basin, Indonesia, was studied. The functional group characterization was carried out using the Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) method. The results revealed the presence of four functional groups, namely hydroxyl structures, aliphatic structures, oxygen-containing structures, and aromatic structures. The lignite contained more hydroxyl and oxygen-bearing functional groups, from which aliphatic and aromatic; therefore, spontaneous combustion becomes easy in lignite coal.

References

  1. Kaymakci E, Didari V. Relation Between Coal Properties and Spontaneous Combustion Parameter. Journal Engineering Environmental. 2002; 26: 59-60.
     Google Scholar
  2. Pone JD, Kim AA, Glenn BS, Harold JA, Robert BF, Donald RB, et al. The Spontaneous Combustion of Coal and Its By-Products In The Witbank and Sasolburg Coalfields of South Africa. International Journal of Coal Geology. 2007; 72: 124-140.
     Google Scholar
  3. Grossman S, Davidi S, Cohen H. Emission of toxic and fire hazardous gases from open air coal stockpiles. Fuel, 1994; 73: 1184−1188.
     Google Scholar
  4. Sakala E, Fourie F, Gomo M, Madzivire G. Natural Attenuation of Acid Mine Drainage by Various Rocks in the Witbank, Ermelo and Highveld Coalfields, South Africa. Natural Resources. 2021; 30: 557.
     Google Scholar
  5. Spada M, Burgherr P. An aftermath analysis of the 2014 coal mine accident in Soma, Turkey: Use of risk performance indicators based on historical experience. Accid. Anal. Prev., 2016; 87:134−140.
     Google Scholar
  6. Eckhoff RK, Rolf K. Dust Explosion Prevention and Mitigation, Status and Developments in Basic Knowledge and in Practical Application. Int. J. Chem. Eng. 2009; 1−12.
     Google Scholar
  7. Parsa MR, Tsukasaki Y, Perkins EL, Chaffee AL. The effect of densification on brown coal physical properties and its spontaneous combustion propensity. Fuel. 2017;193: 54−64.
     Google Scholar
  8. Riahi Z, Bounaouara H, Hraiech I, Mergheni MA, Sautet JC, Nasrallah SB. Combustion with mixed enrichment of oxygen and hydrogen in lean regime. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 2017; 42: 8870−8880.
     Google Scholar
  9. Pattanaik DS, Behera P, Singh B. Spontaneous Combustibility Characterisation of the Chirimiri Coals, Koriya District, Chatisgarh, India. Int. J. Geol. 2011; 02: 336−347.
     Google Scholar
  10. Xu T, Xie Q, Kang Y. Heat effect of the oxygen-containing functional groups in coal during spontaneous combustion processes. Adv. Powder Technol. 2017; 28: 1841.
     Google Scholar
  11. Zhang Y, Yang C, Li Y, Huang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li Q. Ultrasonic extraction and oxidation characteristics of functional groups during coal spontaneous combustion. Fuel. 2019; 242: 287−294.
     Google Scholar
  12. Baris KS, Kizgut, Didari V. 2012. Low-temperature oxidation of some Turkish coals. Fuel. 2012; 93: 423–432.
     Google Scholar
  13. Weiqing Z, Shuguang J, Kai W, Lanyun W, Yongliang X, Zhengyan W, Hao S, et al. Thermogravimetric Dynamics and FTIR Analysis on Oxidation Properties of Low-Rank Coal at Low and Moderate Temperatures, International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization. 2015; 35(1): 39-50, DOI: 10.1080/19392699.2013.873421.
     Google Scholar
  14. Wang HH, Dlugogorski BZ, Kennedy EM. Coal oxidation at low temperature: Oxygen consumption, oxidation products, reaction mechanism and kinetic modelling. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 2003; 29: 487–513.
     Google Scholar
  15. Wang HH, Dlugogorski BZ, and Kennedy EM. 2003. Pathways for production of CO2 and CO in low-temperature oxidation of coal. Energy Fuel. 2003; 17: 150–158.
     Google Scholar
  16. Wang HH, Dlugogorski BZ, Kennedy EM. Thermal decomposition of solid oxygenated complexes formed by coal oxidation at low temperatures. Fuel.2002; 81: 1913–1923.
     Google Scholar
  17. Lynch BM, Lancaster LI, MacPhee JA. Carbonyl groups from chemically and thermally promoted decomposition of peroxides on coal surfaces: Detection of specific types using photoacoustic infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. Fuel. 1987; 66: 979–983.
     Google Scholar
  18. Tahmasebi A, Yu, YH, Li X. A study of chemical structure changes of Chinese lignite during fluidized-bed drying in nitrogen and air. Fuel Processing Technology. 2012; 101: 85–93.
     Google Scholar
  19. Marinov VN. Self-ignition and mechanisms of interaction of coal with oxygen at low temperatures: 2. Changes in weight and thermal effects on gradual heating of coal in air in the range 20–3000 C. Fuel. 1977; 56: 158–164.
     Google Scholar
  20. Wu MM, Robbins GA, Winschel RA, Burke FP. Low temperature coal weathering: Its chemical nature and effects on coal properties. Energy & Fuels. 1988; 2: 150–157.
     Google Scholar
  21. Wang DM, Zhong X, Gu J, Qi X. Changes in active functional groups during low-temperature oxidation of coal. Mining Science and Technology. 2010; 20: 35–40.
     Google Scholar
  22. Sobkowiak M, Painter P. Determination of the aliphatic and aromatic CH contents of coals by FT-IR: studies of coal extracts. Fuel. 1992; 71(10): 1105-1125.
     Google Scholar
  23. Van Krevelen DW. Coal. Typology - Physics - Chemistry - Constitution, (3rd ed.). Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1993. pp: 979.
     Google Scholar
  24. Mastalerz M, Bustin RM. Application of reflectance micro-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry in studying coal macerals: comparison with other Fourier transform infrared techniques. Fuel. 1995; 74(4): 536-542.
     Google Scholar
  25. Mastalerz M, Bustin RM. Application of reflectance micro-Fourier Transform infrared analysis to the study of coal macerals: an example from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous coals of the Mist Mountain Formation, British Columbia, Canada. International. Journal Coal Geology. 1996; 32: 55-67.
     Google Scholar
  26. Ibarra JV, Munoz, Moliner R. FTIR study of the evolution of coal structure during the coalification process. Organic Geochemistry. 1996; 24: 725-735.
     Google Scholar
  27. Koch A, Krzton A, Finqueneisel G, Heintz O, Weber J, Zimny T. A study of carbonaceous char oxidation in air by semi-quantitative FTIR spectroscopy. Fuel. 1998; 77(6): 563-569.
     Google Scholar
  28. Rafidah MS. Jahimin A, Sarjadi MS. Chemical functional groups of extractives, cellulose and lignin extracted from native Leucaena leucocephala bark. Wood Science and Technology. 2021; 55: 295–313 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-020-01258-2.
     Google Scholar
  29. Caron A. Extractives from Sitka Spruce. Dissertation, University of Glasgow. 2010: pp 161–171.
     Google Scholar
  30. Feng S, Yuan Z, Leitch M, Shui H, Xu CC. Effects of bark extraction before liquefaction and liquid oil fractionation after liquefaction on bark-based phenol formaldehyde resoles. Ind Crops Prod. 2016; 84: 330–336.
     Google Scholar
  31. Weiqing Z, Shuguang, Kai W, Lanyun W, Yongliang X, Zhengyan W, Hao S, Yunhang W, Menglu M. Thermogravimetric Dynamics and FTIR Analysis on Oxidation Properties of Low-Rank Coal at Low and Moderate Temperatures, International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization. 2015; 35:1, 39-50.
     Google Scholar
  32. Oikonomopoulos I, Perraki Th, Tougiannidis N. FTIR Study of two different kignite lithotypes from Neogene Achlada lignite deposits in NE Greece. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 2010; XVI(5): 2284-2293.
     Google Scholar
  33. Amir S, Farhang S, Mohammad A. A comprehensive study on the effect of moisture content on coal spontaneous combustion tendency. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2020; 12(3): 194-20.
     Google Scholar
  34. Kadioğlu Y, Varamaz M. The effect of moisture content and air-drying on spontaneous combustion characteristics of two Turkish lignitesa. Fuel, 2003; 82: 1685−1693.
     Google Scholar
  35. Wu Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhou C, Sciubba E. Study on the Effect of Extraneous Moisture on the Spontaneous Combustion of Coal and Its Mechanism of Action. Energy. 2020; 13: 1969-1978.
     Google Scholar
  36. Xuyao Q, Wang D, Milke JA, Zhong X. Crossing point temperature of coal, Mining science and technology (China). 2011; 255-260.
     Google Scholar
  37. Wang W, Wang G, Liu H. Heat release regular pattern of different moisture content coal in low temperature, CSIRO. Earth Science & Resource Engineering. 2013; 94: 419-425.
     Google Scholar
  38. Buckmaster HA, Kudynska J. Dynamic in situ 9 GHz cw-epr low-temperature oxidation study of selected Alberta coals: 4. Influence of moisture on hv bituminous coal, Fuel. 1992; 71(10): 1147-1151.
     Google Scholar
  39. Kejiang L, Rita K, Jianliang, Mansoor B, Zhengjian L, Tao X, Tianjun Y, et al. Comprehensive Investigation of Various Structural Features of Bituminous Coals Using Advanced Analytical Techniques. Energy Fuels. 2015; 29: 7178−7189.
     Google Scholar