##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

On 7th February 2021 just before noon, news reports came in regarding a flash flood in Rishi Ganga/Dhauli Ganga River in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand state, India. This brief report puts forth the probable causes for this flash flood that has originated in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve using geospatial datasets and techniques. Datasets obtained from MODIS, Sentinel-2B, SRTM, ICESat-2 and ERA5 have been effectively utilized to infer the details about this event. Slow drizzle to severe snowfall has been witnessed during 3rd to 6th February 2021 in various parts of the Himalayan region; even the Rishi Ganga witnessed a heavy snowfall during this time. Data acquired on 10th February shows a scar developed due to a landslide on the shoulder of Ronti Mountain that was situated on the western rim of the Nanda Devi sanctuary. There was a gradual rise in temperature on 7th February 2021 at the surroundings of Ronti Mountain that consequently led to a landslide. The landslide perpetuated a movement under the influence of gravity from ~5900 m to ~3900 m with a mass envelope of ~0.290 km² and a velocity of 198 m/s that may have taken ~20 seconds to hit the Ronti bank. Due to the virtue of heat energy generated during this process resulted in contributing huge moraine filled flood water, that has accelerated towards the downstream of Rishi Ganga River and there after Dhauli Ganga River. Elevation profiles from the ICESat-2 and satellite imageries confirm the pre-existing conditions of landslide that is inclusive of weathering and erosion that led to the unstable condition at transportation back-slope of the Ronti Mountain. The triggering factors that influenced this landslide event and related causes were investigated in this study and reported herewith.

References

  1. Bahadur, J. (1993). The Himalayas: a third polar region. In Snow and glacier hydrology. Proc. international symposium, Kathmandu, 1992. IAHS; Publication, 218 pp.
     Google Scholar
  2. Yao, T. et al. 2012. Third Pole Environment (TPE). Environmental Development, 3, 52–64.
     Google Scholar
  3. Bandyopadhyay, J. (2013). Securing the Himalayas as the Water Tower of Asia: An Environmental Perspective. Asia Policy, 16, 45–50.
     Google Scholar
  4. Zhang, G., Yao, T., Xie, H., Wang, W., Yang, W. (2015). An inventory of glacial lakes in the Third Pole region and their changes in response to global warming. Global and Planetary Change, 131, 148–157.
     Google Scholar
  5. Yao, T. et al. (2020). Third Pole climate warming and cryosphere system changes. Wolrd Meteorological Organisation Bulletin 69, 35-38. https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=bulletin_display&id=4057#.YDzERHnhVaR. (last accessed February 2021).
     Google Scholar
  6. Negi, V.S., Thakur, S., Dhyani, R., Bhatt, I. D., Rawal, R. S. (2021). Climate change observations of indigenous communities in the Indian Himalaya. Weather, Climate, and Society, 13, 245-257.
     Google Scholar
  7. Lepcha. P.T., Pandey, P.K., Ranjan, P. (2021). Hydrological significance of Himalayan surface water and its management considering anthropogenic and climate change aspects. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1020, 012013.
     Google Scholar
  8. Singh, V., Jain, S. K., Goyal, M. K. (2021). An assessment of snow-glacier melt runoff under climate change scenarios in the Himalayan basin. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment.
     Google Scholar
  9. Mir, B.H., Lone, M.A., Kumar, R., Khoshouei, S.R. (2021). Review of the implications of changing climate on the water productivity of Himalayan Glaciers. Water Productivity Journal, 1, 23-30.
     Google Scholar
  10. Nie, Y. et al. (2021). Glacial change and hydrological implications in the Himalaya and Karakoram. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 2, 91–106.
     Google Scholar
  11. Mal, S., Singh, R. B., Schickhoff, U. (2016). Estimating Recent Glacier Changes in Central Himalaya, India, Using Remote Sensing Data. In Climate Change, Glacier Response, and Vegetation Dynamics in the Himalaya. Springer, Cham. pp. 205–218.
     Google Scholar
  12. Kumar, V., Shukla, T., Mehta, M., Dobhal, D. P, Singh, Bisht, M. P., Nautiyal, S. (2020). Glacier changes and associated climate drivers for the last three decades, Nanda Devi region, Central Himalaya, India. Quaternary International.
     Google Scholar
  13. Yuji, M. (1979). Geology and metamorphism of the Nanda Devi region, Kumaun higher Himalaya,India. Himalayan Geology, 9, 3-17.
     Google Scholar
  14. Jain, A.K., Shreshtha, M., Seth, P., Kanyal, L., Carosi, R., Montomoli, C., Iaccarino, S., Mukherjee, P.K., Law, R., Singh, S., Rai, S. M. (2014). The Higher Himalayan Crystallines, Alaknanda–Dhauli Ganga Valleys, Garhwal Himalaya, India. In: Montomoli C, Carosi R, Law R, Singh S, Rai SM (eds) Geological field trips in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Tibet, Journal of the Virtual Explorer.
     Google Scholar
  15. Aitken, B. (1994). The Nanda Devi Affair. Penguin Books India.
     Google Scholar
  16. Bisht, H. (1994). Tourism in Garhwal Himalaya: With special reference to mountaineering and trekking in Uttarkashi and Chamoli districts. Indus Publishing. India.
     Google Scholar
  17. Kapadia, H. (1999). Across Peaks & Passes in Kumaun Himalaya. Indus Publishing. India.
     Google Scholar
  18. Emmons, A.B. (1938), Mapping in the Nanda Devi Basin. Geographical Review, 28, 59-67.
     Google Scholar
  19. Shipton, E. (1937). More explorations round Nanda Devi. Geographical Journal, XC(2), 97-110.
     Google Scholar
  20. Lamba, B. S. (1987). Status Survey of Fauna. Nanda Devi National Park. Occasional Paper No. 103. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, India.
     Google Scholar
  21. Lavkumar, K. S. (1978). Nanda Devi Sanctuary. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 75, 868-887.
     Google Scholar
  22. ABPLive. (2021). Snowfall Continues At Kedarnath Dham In Uttarakhand. https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/snowfall-continues-at-kedarnath-dham-in-uttarakhand-1758894. (last accessed February 2021).
     Google Scholar
  23. Amarujala. (2021). Hilly Areas Covered with Thick Layer of Snow. https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-weather-snowfall-news-update-today-hilly-areas-covered-with-thick-layer-of-snow. (last accessed February 2021).
     Google Scholar
  24. Notarnicola, C., Duguay, M., Moelg, N., Schellenberger, T., Tetzlaff, A., Monsorno, R., Costa, A., Steurer, C., Zebisch, M. (2013). Snow Cover Maps from MODIS Images at 250 m Resolution, Part 1: Algorithm Description. Remote Sensing, 5, 110–126.
     Google Scholar
  25. Passini, R. & Jacobsen, K. (2007) Accuracy Analysis of SRTM Height Models. In Proceedings of 2007 American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Annual Conference, Tampa, FL, USA, 7–11 May 2007. pp. 25–29.
     Google Scholar
  26. Zandbergen, P. (2008). Applications of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Elevation Data. Geography Compass, 2, 1404–1431.
     Google Scholar
  27. Saleem, N., Huq, M., Twumasi, N. Y. D., Javed, A., Sajjad, A. (2019). Parameters Derived from and/or Used with Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping and Landslide Risk Assessment: A Review. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 8, 545.
     Google Scholar
  28. Schutz, B. E., Zwally, H. J., Shuman, C. A., Hancock, D., DiMarzio, J. P. (2005). Overview of the ICESat Mission. Geophysical Research Letters, 32.
     Google Scholar
  29. Brown, M. E., Delgodo, Arias, S., Neumann, T., Jasinski, M. F., Posey, P., Babonis, G., Glenn, N. F., Birkett, C. M., Escobar, V. M., Markus, T. (2016). Applications for ICESat-2 Data: From NASA’s Early Adopter Program. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, 4, 24–37.
     Google Scholar
  30. Neuenschwander, A., Pitts, K. (2019). The ATL08 land and vegetation product for the ICESat-2 Mission. Remote Sensing of Environment. 221, 247–259.
     Google Scholar
  31. Neuenschwander, A.L., Magruder, L. A. (2019). Canopy and Terrain Height Retrievals with ICESat-2: A First Look. Remote Sensing 11, 1721.
     Google Scholar
  32. Markus, T. et al. (2017). The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2): Science requirements, concept, and implementation. Remote Sensing of Environment. 190, 260–273.
     Google Scholar
  33. Herzfeld UC, Trantow TM, Harding D, Dabney PW. (2017). Surface-Height Determination of Crevassed Glaciers—Mathematical Principles of an Autoadaptive Density-Dimension Algorithm and Validation Using ICESat-2 Simulator (SIMPL) Data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 55:1874–1896. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2617323.
     Google Scholar
  34. Smith, B. et al. (2019). Land ice height-retrieval algorithm for NASA’s ICESat-2 photon-counting laser altimeter. Remote Sensing of Environment, 233, 111352.
     Google Scholar
  35. Hersbach, H et al. (2020). The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146, 1999–2049.
     Google Scholar
  36. Ramon, J., Lledó, L., Torralba, V., Soret, A., Doblas‐Reyes, F. J. (2019). What global reanalysis best represents near‐surface winds? Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145, 3236–3251.
     Google Scholar
  37. Dibb, J. E. (2004). Snow accumulation, surface height change, and firn densification at Summit, Greenland: Insights from 2 years of in situ observation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004300.
     Google Scholar
  38. Shamir, E., Georgakakos, K. P. (2006). Distributed snow accumulation and ablation modeling in the American River basin. Advances in Water Resources, 29, 558–570.
     Google Scholar
  39. Mott, R., Vionnet, V., Grünewald, T. (2018). The Seasonal Snow Cover Dynamics: Review on Wind-Driven Coupling Processes. Frontiers in Earth Science. 6.
     Google Scholar
  40. NSIDC. (2021). The Life of a Glacier. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glaciers/life-glacier.html. (last accessed February 2021).
     Google Scholar
  41. Hallet, B., Hunter, L., Bogen, J. (1996). Rates of erosion and sediment evacuation by glaciers: A review of field data and their implications. Global and Planetary Change 12, 213–235.
     Google Scholar
  42. Bendle, J. M, Glasser. N. F. (2012). Palaeoclimatic reconstruction from Lateglacial (Younger Dryas Chronozone) cirque glaciers in Snowdonia, North Wales. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 123, 130–145.
     Google Scholar
  43. Pack, R. T. (1984). Debris flow initiation in Davis County, Utah, during the spring snowmelt period of 1983. In Twenty-first Annual Engineering Geology and Soil Engineering Symposium: University of Idaho, Moscow. pp. 59-78.
     Google Scholar
  44. Hendrick, R.L., Filgate, B.D., Adams, W. M. (1971) Application of Environmental Analysis to Watershed Snowmelt. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 10, 418–429.
     Google Scholar
  45. Cardinali M, Ardizzone F, Galli M, Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P (2000). Landslides triggered by rapid snow melting: the December 1996–January 1997 event in Central Italy. In Proceedings 1st Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms (pp. 439-448). Bios: Cosenza. http://geomorphology.irpi.cnr.it/publications/repository/public/proceedings/2000/landslides-triggered-by-rapid-snow-melting-the-december-1996-january-1997-event-in-central-italy.pdf. (last accessed February 2021).
     Google Scholar
  46. Ritchie, A. M. (1958). Recognising and Identification of Landslides. In: Eckel EB (ed) Landslides and Engineering Practice, Special Report, 29. Washinton. 20-68.
     Google Scholar
  47. Schuster, R. L., Wieczorek, G. F. (2002), Landslides triggers and types. In: Stemberk R, Wagner (eds) Proceedings of the 1st European conference on landslides, Prague. Balkema, Rotterdam. 59–78.
     Google Scholar
  48. Wieczorek, G. F. (1996). Landslide triggering mechanisms. In: Landslides: investigation and mitigation (Turner AK, Schuster RL, eds). Washington DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, special report. 76–90.
     Google Scholar
  49. eoPortal. (2021). ICESat-2 (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite -2). https://eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/content/-/article/icesat-2. (last accessed February 2021).
     Google Scholar
  50. Bahadur, J. (1993). The Himalayas: a third polar region. In Snow and glacier hydrology. Proc. international symposium, Kathmandu, 1992. IAHS; Publication, 218 pp.
     Google Scholar
  51. Yao, T. et al. 2012. Third Pole Environment (TPE). Environmental Development, 3, 52–64.
     Google Scholar
  52. Bandyopadhyay, J. (2013). Securing the Himalayas as the Water Tower of Asia: An Environmental Perspective. Asia Policy, 16, 45–50.
     Google Scholar
  53. Zhang, G., Yao, T., Xie, H., Wang, W., Yang, W. (2015). An inventory of glacial lakes in the Third Pole region and their changes in response to global warming. Global and Planetary Change, 131, 148–157.
     Google Scholar
  54. Yao, T. et al. (2020). Third Pole climate warming and cryosphere system changes. Wolrd Meteorological Organisation Bulletin 69, 35-38. https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=bulletin_display&id=4057#.YDzERHnhVaR. (last accessed February 2021).
     Google Scholar
  55. Negi, V.S., Thakur, S., Dhyani, R., Bhatt, I. D., Rawal, R. S. (2021). Climate change observations of indigenous communities in the Indian Himalaya. Weather, Climate, and Society, 13, 245-257.
     Google Scholar
  56. Lepcha. P.T., Pandey, P.K., Ranjan, P. (2021). Hydrological significance of Himalayan surface water and its management considering anthropogenic and climate change aspects. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1020, 012013.
     Google Scholar
  57. Singh, V., Jain, S. K., Goyal, M. K. (2021). An assessment of snow-glacier melt runoff under climate change scenarios in the Himalayan basin. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment.
     Google Scholar
  58. Mir, B.H., Lone, M.A., Kumar, R., Khoshouei, S.R. (2021). Review of the implications of changing climate on the water productivity of Himalayan Glaciers. Water Productivity Journal, 1, 23-30.
     Google Scholar
  59. Nie, Y. et al. (2021). Glacial change and hydrological implications in the Himalaya and Karakoram. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 2, 91–106.
     Google Scholar
  60. Mal, S., Singh, R. B., Schickhoff, U. (2016). Estimating Recent Glacier Changes in Central Himalaya, India, Using Remote Sensing Data. In Climate Change, Glacier Response, and Vegetation Dynamics in the Himalaya. Springer, Cham. pp. 205–218.
     Google Scholar
  61. Kumar, V., Shukla, T., Mehta, M., Dobhal, D. P, Singh, Bisht, M. P., Nautiyal, S. (2020). Glacier changes and associated climate drivers for the last three decades, Nanda Devi region, Central Himalaya, India. Quaternary International.
     Google Scholar
  62. Yuji, M. (1979). Geology and metamorphism of the Nanda Devi region, Kumaun higher Himalaya,India. Himalayan Geology, 9, 3-17.
     Google Scholar
  63. Jain, A.K., Shreshtha, M., Seth, P., Kanyal, L., Carosi, R., Montomoli, C., Iaccarino, S., Mukherjee, P.K., Law, R., Singh, S., Rai, S. M. (2014). The Higher Himalayan Crystallines, Alaknanda–Dhauli Ganga Valleys, Garhwal Himalaya, India. In: Montomoli C, Carosi R, Law R, Singh S, Rai SM (eds) Geological field trips in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Tibet, Journal of the Virtual Explorer.
     Google Scholar
  64. Aitken, B. (1994). The Nanda Devi Affair. Penguin Books India.
     Google Scholar
  65. Bisht, H. (1994). Tourism in Garhwal Himalaya: With special reference to mountaineering and trekking in Uttarkashi and Chamoli districts. Indus Publishing. India.
     Google Scholar
  66. Kapadia, H. (1999). Across Peaks & Passes in Kumaun Himalaya. Indus Publishing. India.
     Google Scholar
  67. Emmons, A.B. (1938), Mapping in the Nanda Devi Basin. Geographical Review, 28, 59-67.
     Google Scholar
  68. Shipton, E. (1937). More explorations round Nanda Devi. Geographical Journal, XC(2), 97-110.
     Google Scholar
  69. Lamba, B. S. (1987). Status Survey of Fauna. Nanda Devi National Park. Occasional Paper No. 103. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, India.
     Google Scholar
  70. Lavkumar, K. S. (1978). Nanda Devi Sanctuary. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 75, 868-887.
     Google Scholar
  71. ABPLive. (2021). Snowfall Continues At Kedarnath Dham In Uttarakhand. https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/snowfall-continues-at-kedarnath-dham-in-uttarakhand-1758894. (last accessed February 2021).
     Google Scholar
  72. Amarujala. (2021). Hilly Areas Covered with Thick Layer of Snow. https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-weather-snowfall-news-update-today-hilly-areas-covered-with-thick-layer-of-snow. (last accessed February 2021).
     Google Scholar
  73. Notarnicola, C., Duguay, M., Moelg, N., Schellenberger, T., Tetzlaff, A., Monsorno, R., Costa, A., Steurer, C., Zebisch, M. (2013). Snow Cover Maps from MODIS Images at 250 m Resolution, Part 1: Algorithm Description. Remote Sensing, 5, 110–126.
     Google Scholar
  74. Passini, R. & Jacobsen, K. (2007) Accuracy Analysis of SRTM Height Models. In Proceedings of 2007 American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Annual Conference, Tampa, FL, USA, 7–11 May 2007. pp. 25–29.
     Google Scholar
  75. Zandbergen, P. (2008). Applications of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Elevation Data. Geography Compass, 2, 1404–1431.
     Google Scholar
  76. Saleem, N., Huq, M., Twumasi, N. Y. D., Javed, A., Sajjad, A. (2019). Parameters Derived from and/or Used with Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping and Landslide Risk Assessment: A Review. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 8, 545.
     Google Scholar
  77. Schutz, B. E., Zwally, H. J., Shuman, C. A., Hancock, D., DiMarzio, J. P. (2005). Overview of the ICESat Mission. Geophysical Research Letters, 32.
     Google Scholar
  78. Brown, M. E., Delgodo, Arias, S., Neumann, T., Jasinski, M. F., Posey, P., Babonis, G., Glenn, N. F., Birkett, C. M., Escobar, V. M., Markus, T. (2016). Applications for ICESat-2 Data: From NASA’s Early Adopter Program. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, 4, 24–37.
     Google Scholar
  79. Neuenschwander, A., Pitts, K. (2019). The ATL08 land and vegetation product for the ICESat-2 Mission. Remote Sensing of Environment. 221, 247–259.
     Google Scholar
  80. Neuenschwander, A.L., Magruder, L. A. (2019). Canopy and Terrain Height Retrievals with ICESat-2: A First Look. Remote Sensing 11, 1721.
     Google Scholar
  81. Markus, T. et al. (2017). The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2): Science requirements, concept, and implementation. Remote Sensing of Environment. 190, 260–273.
     Google Scholar
  82. Herzfeld UC, Trantow TM, Harding D, Dabney PW. (2017). Surface-Height Determination of Crevassed Glaciers—Mathematical Principles of an Autoadaptive Density-Dimension Algorithm and Validation Using ICESat-2 Simulator (SIMPL) Data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 55:1874–1896. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2617323.
     Google Scholar
  83. Smith, B. et al. (2019). Land ice height-retrieval algorithm for NASA’s ICESat-2 photon-counting laser altimeter. Remote Sensing of Environment, 233, 111352.
     Google Scholar
  84. Hersbach, H et al. (2020). The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146, 1999–2049.
     Google Scholar
  85. Ramon, J., Lledó, L., Torralba, V., Soret, A., Doblas‐Reyes, F. J. (2019). What global reanalysis best represents near‐surface winds? Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145, 3236–3251.
     Google Scholar
  86. Dibb, J. E. (2004). Snow accumulation, surface height change, and firn densification at Summit, Greenland: Insights from 2 years of in situ observation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004300.
     Google Scholar
  87. Shamir, E., Georgakakos, K. P. (2006). Distributed snow accumulation and ablation modeling in the American River basin. Advances in Water Resources, 29, 558–570.
     Google Scholar
  88. Mott, R., Vionnet, V., Grünewald, T. (2018). The Seasonal Snow Cover Dynamics: Review on Wind-Driven Coupling Processes. Frontiers in Earth Science. 6.
     Google Scholar
  89. NSIDC. (2021). The Life of a Glacier. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glaciers/life-glacier.html. (last accessed February 2021).
     Google Scholar
  90. Hallet, B., Hunter, L., Bogen, J. (1996). Rates of erosion and sediment evacuation by glaciers: A review of field data and their implications. Global and Planetary Change 12, 213–235.
     Google Scholar
  91. Bendle, J. M, Glasser. N. F. (2012). Palaeoclimatic reconstruction from Lateglacial (Younger Dryas Chronozone) cirque glaciers in Snowdonia, North Wales. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 123, 130–145.
     Google Scholar
  92. Pack, R. T. (1984). Debris flow initiation in Davis County, Utah, during the spring snowmelt period of 1983. In Twenty-first Annual Engineering Geology and Soil Engineering Symposium: University of Idaho, Moscow. pp. 59-78.
     Google Scholar
  93. Hendrick, R.L., Filgate, B.D., Adams, W. M. (1971) Application of Environmental Analysis to Watershed Snowmelt. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 10, 418–429.
     Google Scholar
  94. Cardinali M, Ardizzone F, Galli M, Guzzetti F, Reichenbach P (2000). Landslides triggered by rapid snow melting: the December 1996–January 1997 event in Central Italy. In Proceedings 1st Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms (pp. 439-448). Bios: Cosenza. http://geomorphology.irpi.cnr.it/publications/repository/public/proceedings/2000/landslides-triggered-by-rapid-snow-melting-the-december-1996-january-1997-event-in-central-italy.pdf. (last accessed February 2021).
     Google Scholar
  95. Ritchie, A. M. (1958). Recognising and Identification of Landslides. In: Eckel EB (ed) Landslides and Engineering Practice, Special Report, 29. Washinton. 20-68.
     Google Scholar
  96. Schuster, R. L., Wieczorek, G. F. (2002), Landslides triggers and types. In: Stemberk R, Wagner (eds) Proceedings of the 1st European conference on landslides, Prague. Balkema, Rotterdam. 59–78.
     Google Scholar
  97. Wieczorek, G. F. (1996). Landslide triggering mechanisms. In: Landslides: investigation and mitigation (Turner AK, Schuster RL, eds). Washington DC: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, special report. 76–90.
     Google Scholar
  98. eoPortal. (2021). ICESat-2 (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite -2). https://eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/content/-/article/icesat-2. (last accessed February 2021).
     Google Scholar


Most read articles by the same author(s)